PhD Study : Development of bioinspired technologies for advanced zero carbon marine applications

Summary

Biofouling is the attachment and growth of unwanted microorganisms, algae, bacteria or plants on wetted surfaces. Biofouling can reduce the efficiency and safety of marine facilities (e.g. ferries), accelerate aging, result in higher fuel consumption and substantial economic costs. Antifouling prevents marine biological fouling through reduced adhesive strength and removal of the biofilm. Synthetic antifouling coatings are far from the technological maturity adapted by the marine species over millions of years. A feasible antifouling coating should be highly effective, stable, durable, ecofriendly, and practical for large-scale production/application.

Organic tin and copper oxide paints/coatings are traditionally used for antifouling purposes. However, these compounds are toxic and destructive to the  marine ecosystem and seawater. Hence, the search for achieving a perfect antifouling coating is still ongoing. Nature can be a good source of inspiration. For example, replicating the surface microstructure of marine species with natural antifouling (e.g. skin of sharks, mussels and crabs) is an effective method for reducing biofilm formation. This is referred to as biomimetic antifouling.

3D printing can be used as a new advanced manufacturing technology to produce textured surfaces, patterned topographies, detailed/complex geometries and hybrid structures. In a recent study, 3D-printed ‘wavy’ composite membranes have been found more successful for reducing fouling build-up compared with a flat one. The antifouling capability can be further improved by use of nanotechnology, polymeric materials and surface functionalization. Smart polymer nanocomposites with self-cleaning and self-renewal capability can result in long lasting and high-performnce antifouling coatings. Application of a random alternating current to an electic responsive/conductive polymer has also been found effective in preventing biofilm bacteria attaching to the surface.

This project is focused on the development of a novel, environmentally friendly antifouling coating applicable for marine technology. A combination of approaches will be applied (including use of functionalized/smart polymer nanocomposites, biomimetic antifouling coating, electrical methods and 3D printing technology) for optimum impact.

To accomplish the goals of this project, the PhD researcher will be trained  to develop expertise and integrate knowledge in the areas of smart polymer nanocomposites, additive manufacturing, design and engineering, and characterization techniques (e.g. SEM, FTIR, electrical and surface properties measurement, mechanical and physical testing, etc). After conducting a comprehensive literature review, an experimental design will be established to select the appropriate material, fabrication method and characterization techniques.

An ageing study will be carried out in pressurised salt water environment, to determine any long term effects such as cavitation and erosion under both static and dynamic conditions in the ocean. Also, the impact of parameters such as surface properties and interactions, imposed shear stresses, water composition and temperature will be considered in this study. Methodologies for scale up to transfer a particular biomimetic pattern onto a CF/epoxy composite hull will be examined as the final stage of the project.

This project is in line with the Belfast Maritime consortium project led by Artemis Technologies with Ulster University as a core partner. It has potentials for high impact publications, involvement with local companies and product development.

Essential criteria

Applicants should hold, or expect to obtain, a First or Upper Second Class Honours Degree in a subject relevant to the proposed area of study.

We may also consider applications from those who hold equivalent qualifications, for example, a Lower Second Class Honours Degree plus a Master’s Degree with Distinction.

In exceptional circumstances, the University may consider a portfolio of evidence from applicants who have appropriate professional experience which is equivalent to the learning outcomes of an Honours degree in lieu of academic qualifications.

• Sound understanding of subject area as evidenced by a comprehensive research proposal

Desirable Criteria

If the University receives a large number of applicants for the project, the following desirable criteria may be applied to shortlist applicants for interview.

• First Class Honours (1st) Degree
• Masters at 65%
• Publications - peer-reviewed

Funding and eligibility

The University offers the following levels of support:

Vice Chancellors Research Studentship (VCRS)

The following scholarship options are available to applicants worldwide:

• Full Award: (full-time tuition fees + £19,000 (tbc))
• Part Award: (full-time tuition fees + £9,500)
• Fees Only Award: (full-time tuition fees)

These scholarships will cover full-time PhD tuition fees for three years (subject to satisfactory academic performance) and will provide a £900 per annum research training support grant (RTSG) to help support the PhD researcher.

Applicants who already hold a doctoral degree or who have been registered on a programme of research leading to the award of a doctoral degree on a full-time basis for more than one year (or part-time equivalent) are NOT eligible to apply for an award.

Please note: you will automatically be entered into the competition for the Full Award, unless you state otherwise in your application.

Department for the Economy (DFE)

The scholarship will cover tuition fees at the Home rate and a maintenance allowance of £19,000 (tbc) per annum for three years (subject to satisfactory academic performance).

This scholarship also comes with £900 per annum for three years as a research training support grant (RTSG) allocation to help support the PhD researcher.

• Candidates with pre-settled or settled status under the EU Settlement Scheme, who also satisfy a three year residency requirement in the UK prior to the start of the course for which a Studentship is held MAY receive a Studentship covering fees and maintenance.
• Republic of Ireland (ROI) nationals who satisfy three years’ residency in the UK prior to the start of the course MAY receive a Studentship covering fees and maintenance (ROI nationals don’t need to have pre-settled or settled status under the EU Settlement Scheme to qualify).
• Other non-ROI EU applicants are ‘International’ are not eligible for this source of funding.
• Applicants who already hold a doctoral degree or who have been registered on a programme of research leading to the award of a doctoral degree on a full-time basis for more than one year (or part-time equivalent) are NOT eligible to apply for an award.

Due consideration should be given to financing your studies. Further information on cost of living