PhD Study : Advanced techniques for detection and removal of biofilm in marine vessels using electric sensors

Summary

The global desire to reduce CO₂ emissions within the maritime industry, has inspired a Belfast based UK Research and Innovation project for the development of the world's first zero emission high-speed hydrofoiling electric ferry. This innovative and multidisciplinary project is led by Artemis Technologies with Ulster University as a core partner [1].

To achieve zero emission in marine vessels, it is essential to prevent biofouling (i.e. unwanted attachment and growth of microorganisms, algae, bacteria or plants on wet surfaces). The enhanced drag force caused by biofilm formation on the surface of the vessel, increases fuel consumption, reduces the speed and accelerates aging of the vessel, resulting in substantial economic costs and damage to the ecosystem [2]. Hence, the aim of this PhD study is to develop an effective antifouling strategy, for detection, monitoring and removal of biofilm in marine vessels.

Traditionally, tin and copper oxide paints/coatings are used for antifouling purposes. However, these compounds are toxic and destructive to the  marine ecosystem. To develop an effective and eco-friendly antifouling strategy, it is critical to understand the mechanism of biofouling in relation to the environmental conditions (e.g. water composition and temperature, flow dynamics, etc) and the physical-chemical nature of the substrate [3,4].

Nature can be a good source of inspiration for antifouling. Surface texturing using 3D printing, lasers or adaptive moulds can be used to replicate the patterned topographies on the skin of marine species with natural antifouling (e.g. sharks, mussels and crabs). The antifouling capability can be further improved by application of an eco-friendly antifouling coating (e.g. biocompatible polymers with superhydrophobic properties).  Sensors can also be integrated into the antifouling system to detect and monitor biofilm formation by tracing the changes in the optical or electrochemical properties of the substrate [4,5].

In the pursuit of an advanced, multifunctional and eco-friendly antifouling strategy, we will be exploring: (i) the incorporation of an effective sensing system into a composite structure for detection of biofilm formation, (ii) methods for removal and prevention of biofilm growth that are compatible with composites manufacturing technologies (e.g. electric or acoustic methods combined with bioinspired surface texturing).

Candidates with background and/or interest in areas related to material science and engineering, sensors and actuators are encouraged to apply for this PhD position.

References

1. Zero emissions vessels
2. Selim, M.S., El-Safty, S.A., Shenashen, M.A., Higazy, S.A. and Elmarakbi, A., 2020. Progress in biomimetic leverages for marine antifouling using nanocomposite coatings. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 8(17), pp.3701-3732.
3. Salta, M., Wharton, J.A., Stoodley, P., Dennington, S.P., Goodes, L.R., Werwinski, S., Mart, U., Wood, R.J. and Stokes, K.R., 2010. Designing biomimetic antifouling surfaces. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 368(1929), pp.4729-4754.
4. Freebairn, D.A., Linton, D., Harkin-Jones, E. and Jones, D.S., 2011. Novel methods of killing bacteria using RF devices and conducting polymers.
5. Achinas, S., Yska, S.K., Charalampogiannis, N., Krooneman, J. and Euverink, G.J.W., 2020. A Technological Understanding of Biofilm Detection Techniques: A Review. Materials, 13(14), p.3147.

Essential criteria

Applicants should hold, or expect to obtain, a First or Upper Second Class Honours Degree in a subject relevant to the proposed area of study.

We may also consider applications from those who hold equivalent qualifications, for example, a Lower Second Class Honours Degree plus a Master’s Degree with Distinction.

In exceptional circumstances, the University may consider a portfolio of evidence from applicants who have appropriate professional experience which is equivalent to the learning outcomes of an Honours degree in lieu of academic qualifications.

• Sound understanding of subject area as evidenced by a comprehensive research proposal

Desirable Criteria

If the University receives a large number of applicants for the project, the following desirable criteria may be applied to shortlist applicants for interview.

• First Class Honours (1st) Degree
• Masters at 65%
• Work experience relevant to the proposed project
• Publications - peer-reviewed

Funding and eligibility

This project is funded by:

• Artemis

The University offers the following levels of support:

Department for the Economy (DFE)

The scholarship will cover tuition fees at the Home rate and a maintenance allowance of £19,000 (tbc) per annum for three years (subject to satisfactory academic performance).

This scholarship also comes with £900 per annum for three years as a research training support grant (RTSG) allocation to help support the PhD researcher.

• Candidates with pre-settled or settled status under the EU Settlement Scheme, who also satisfy a three year residency requirement in the UK prior to the start of the course for which a Studentship is held MAY receive a Studentship covering fees and maintenance.
• Republic of Ireland (ROI) nationals who satisfy three years’ residency in the UK prior to the start of the course MAY receive a Studentship covering fees and maintenance (ROI nationals don’t need to have pre-settled or settled status under the EU Settlement Scheme to qualify).
• Other non-ROI EU applicants are ‘International’ are not eligible for this source of funding.
• Applicants who already hold a doctoral degree or who have been registered on a programme of research leading to the award of a doctoral degree on a full-time basis for more than one year (or part-time equivalent) are NOT eligible to apply for an award.

Due consideration should be given to financing your studies. Further information on cost of living